Europe

While Europe hosts strong research institutions and a growing AI ecosystem, it lags behind the US and China in terms of investment and scale. Instead, the European Union has positioned itself as a normative power, shaping the global debate through frameworks like the AI Act and promoting standards for transparency, accountability, and human rights. In the security domain, Europe is increasingly attentive to the implications of AGI for defence, cyber resilience, and democratic stability, while also seeking to balance innovation with safeguards. This places Europe at the forefront of setting rules and norms, even if not leading the technological frontier itself.